Parliamentary Scandals are not new. Parliament has been beset by a number of scandals that have damaged the trust in Parliament and politicians. For example:
Neil Hamilton with his wife, Christine.
Cash for Questions – In the mid 1990s a number of Conservative MPs were accused of accepting cash to ask questions in the House of Commons. The most famous of those accused was Neil Hamilton. He subsequently started a defamation action against the Guardian newspaper before dropping it prior to it reaching court. Hamilton lost his Conservative safe-seat in the 1997 election to Martin Bell, who ran as an Independent.
Harold Macmillan oversaw the Night of the Long Knives.
Cabinet reshuffles happen fairly regularly in the UK and take place for a number of reasons. But there has been no reshuffle anything like that which happened on 13th July 1962 when Harold Macmillan oversaw a reshuffle that was so brutal that it became known as the ‘Night of the Long Knives, after the infamous event of 30th June 1934 when Hitler’s SS purged the SA.
There are a number of reasons that a Prime Minister might want to reshuffle their cabinet:
When the Fixed-Term Parliaments Act was passed in 2011 it was sold as a significant constitutional reform that would modernise the UK constitution and give more democratic legitimacy to the House of Commons. Prior to this, the calling of General Elections was governed by both statute and convention:
Septennial Act 1716 – This Act mandated that a General Election had to be called at least every seven years. In 1911, the Parliament Act reduced the maximum length of each Parliament to five years.
The Alba Party was formed on the 8th February 2021 but came to prominence on the 26th March 2021 when it was announced that former SNP Leader and First Minister, Alex Salmond, would become leader of the party. The pro-independence party announced that it would be putting forward candidates in the upcoming Scottish Parliament Elections.
Nicola Sturgeon was seen to be Alex Salmond’s political protege and they were both personally and politically close.
Alex Salmond has a long history in Scottish Politics. He became an SNP MP in 1987 and then became leader of the SNP from 1990 until the year 2000. In 1999 he was elected to the newly founded Scottish Parliament and he again became leader of the SNP between 2004 and 2014. In 2007, Salmond became the First Minister of Scotland and he held this position until 2014. He successfully lobbied the British government to hold the Scottish Independence Referendum in which he led the ‘Yes’ campaign. In this referendum the ‘No’ side won by 55% to 45%. Finally, in 2015 he returned to House of Commons as an SNP MP before losing his seat in 2017. As First Minister he was a mentor to Nicola Sturgeon, who was seen to be his political protege.
Boris Johnson’s political legacy will be defined by COVID-19, not Brexit.
The last five years have been the most unpredictable in British political history. When Boris Johnson became Prime Minister in July 2019 he rightly believed that his legacy as Prime Minister would be determined by his ability to ‘Get Brexit Done’. He would never have imagined that his fate as Prime Minister would be determined by events that would begin, not in London or Brussels, but most likely in a small food market in Wuhan province, China.
COVID-19 has blown Brexit out of the water as a legacy issue for the current government. COVID-19 has been notoriously difficult to predict. Only one thing is really certain – it will end with what is likely to be the largest public inquiry in British political history. So what is a public inquiry and how significant are the in the UK?
The Background to Public Inquiries
A public inquiry is an official review of events organised by the government. The aim is to review the decisions taken in the cold light of delay and, as such, these inquiries need to be held after the event being investigated can reasonably be said to have concluded. Inquiries are usually headed by a respected member of society, notably by a Judge or an Ex-Civil Servant. Those inquiries led by judges are often called ‘judge-led’ inquiries, with a sense that having a judge lead a public inquiry gives it an even greater level of independence and legitimacy.
As PM, David Cameron was criticised for not fully implementing the recommendations of the Leveson Inquiry.
At the end of an inquiry a detailed report will be produced. This report will not only highlight issues from the event in question, but may also make recommendations for the future. These recommendations are not legally enforceable. However, they may create a political pressure on the current government to bring about a change based on the recommendations. As the government has set up the inquiry in the first place, it is often politically difficult for them to ignore the recommendations included in the report.
Examples of Famous Public Inquiries
The Bloody Sunday Inquiry (often called the Saville Enquiry)
Chair: Lord Saville (Lord of Appeals Court and then Justice of the Supreme Court)
Dates: 1998-2010
Bloody Sunday was one of the most controversial events during The Troubles.
During the height of the Troubles in Northern Ireland up to 21,000 British troops were deployed in a peacekeeping operation. On the 30th January 1972 a march was held in Londonderry in protest of republicans who had been held without trial by the British government. The 1st Battalion of the parachute regiment were deployed to the area. On arrival the paratroopers were ordered to arrest rioters. The situation escalated quickly and a number of shots were fired by the British Army. In total, 26 people were shot and 14 people were killed.
Lord Saville was a Lord of Appeal when he chaired the inquiry.
The Saville report was published on the 15th June 2010. The report was clear that British Soldiers were to blame for the killings. Saville found that British soldiers on that day had “lost control” and that they should never have been in the Bogside area in the first place. The report also found that British soldiers had colluded to cover the truth in the aftermath of the incident. On the day that report was published David Cameron, just two months into his tenure as Prime Minister, addressed the House of Commons and apologised on behalf of the British Government:
The Saville Inquiry has been significant for a number of reasons:
It was the first inquiry to find British serviceman of wrongdoing during the Troubles.
It laid open British soldiers, and commanders, to separate criminal prosecutions.
It laid responsibility for the events at the door of soldiers and commanders on the ground, not on the policies of the British government.
Since the inquiry, only one soldier has faced prosecution. They are known only as Soldier F. They are facing prosecution on two murder charges.
2. The Iraq Inquiry (often called the Chilcott Enquiry)
Chair: Sir John Chilcot (Former Senior Civil Servant)
Dates: 2009-2016
Sir John Chilcot
The Chilcot Inquiry was set up in 2009 and was established to examine the circumstances behind the run-up, conflict and aftermath of the Iraq War. This was the second public inquiry into the Iraq War. The Hutton inquiry of 2003 considered whether or not the British government had deliberately exaggerated or “sexed up” evidence that suggested Iraq had weapons of mass destruction (which was the cornerstone of the British justification for the war). The Hutton inquiry had found the government innocent of any wrongdoing.
The Chilcot Inquiry lasted seven years and heard evidence from hundreds of witnesses, including Tony Blair and Alistair Campbell:
The report was published on the 6th July 2016 and comprised of 6,275 pages and 2.6 million words. Some of the damning findings of the report found were that:
The UK chose the course on invasion before peaceful options had been exhausted. Chilcot said “We have concluded that the UK chose to join the invasion of Iraq before the peaceful options for disarmament had been exhausted. Military action at that time was not a last resort.”
That the British intelligence agencies had produced ‘flawed information’ about Sadaam’s WMD programme.
The UK Government, under Blair, deliberately exaggerated the threat that was posed by Sadaam Hussein’s Iraq. The report said “the judgments about Iraq’s capabilities [military] capabilities were presented with a certainty that was not justified”.
Whilst the Inquiry refused to reach a judgement on the legality of the war, they did say that the circumstances in which the decision for war was made were not satisfactory. Chilcot said that the “process of deciding whether the war was illegal appeared “perfunctory”.
Post-invasion the UK’s influence on US strategic planning was extremely limited.
The UK military were ill-equipped for the operational roles in Iraq and that the government responded to slowly to changing risks, like the proliferation of IEDs (improvised explosive devices).
Following the publication of report, Tony Blair gave a speech, including taking questions, that lasted nearly two hours. Blair said that
“…For all of this I express more sorrow, regret and apology and in greater measure than you can know or may believe.
Only two things I cannot say.
It is claimed that by removing Saddam we unleashed terrorism in the Middle East today.
I profoundly disagree. Saddam was himself a wellspring of terror, a continuing threat to peace and to his own people. Had he been left in power in 2003, then I believe, for the detailed reasons I shall give, he would once again have threatened world peace, and when the Arab revolutions of 2011 began, he would have clung to power with the same deadly consequences as we see in the carnage of Syria; whereas at least in Iraq, for all its challenges, we have today a Government, recognised as legitimate, fighting terrorism with the international community in support of it.
Secondly, I will never agree that those who died or who were injured made their sacrifice in vain. They fought in the defining global struggle of the 21st Century against the terrorism and violence which, the world over, destroys lives and divides communities, and their sacrifice should always be remembered with thanksgiving and honour when finally that struggle is won, as it will be.”
One of the biggest points of significance about the Chilcot Inquiry was that it was widely accepted. Whilst it was criticised for taking seven years to publish its findings, the scope and comprehensiveness of the report gave it a legitimacy that previous reports into Iraq (like the Butler and Hutton Inquiries) simply did not have.
It seems likely that the COVID-19 inquiry will be similar in scope to that of Chilcott. Whilst this may confer on it some legitimacy, it may make it unlikely that it is published before the 2024 General Election – which may not be greeted particularly well by the electorate.
3. The Leveson Inquiry
Chair: Lord Leveson (Lord Justice of Appeal)
Dates: 2011-202
News International was (it is now called Newscorp) is owned by Australian mogul Rupert Murdoch, who also controls Fox News in the United States.
In 2007 two employees of News International (owners of the Sun, News of the World, Times and Sunday Times) were convicted of illegally intercepting voicemail messages for the purpose of writing news stories. At the time, News International claimed it was a one-off incident and not indicative of the wider culture of practices of the company. However, allegations surfaced that a number of celebrities had found information published in the newspapers that they believed could only have been conceivably obtained from voicemails left on their phone. These celebrities and public figures included: Prince William, Gordon Brown, Paul McCartney and Heather Mills and Hugh Grant. However, the known list extends to over 300. In 2009 the Guardian published a front-page article suggesting News International was guilty of wide-spread phone hacking and other illegal practices. However, it did not have the traction with the public that they had hoped for.
The British public initially found it difficult to get enraged about hacking celebrities, but did when they found out that Milly Dowler’s phone had been hacked.
Although this was clearly concerning, it was revelations in 2011 that a particular case really hit home to the public. In 2002, a 13 Year Old schoolgirl named Milly Dowler went missing. A huge manhunt took place. However, sadly, six months later her body was found not far from where she went missing. In 2011, lawyers for her family announced that while she was missing her mobile phone had been hacked into by Glenn Mulcaire, one of the News International employees found guilty in 2007. It was said that the hackers had deleted messages from her relatives on her voicemail. This meant that whilst her voicemail quickly became full, heartbreakingly, the fact that new messages could be left gave her parents hope that she was alive as she was apparently accessing her voicemails.
In July 2011 David Cameron David Cameron announced a public inquiry not only into phone hacking, but the wider relationship between the culture and ethics of the British Press and its relationship with different arms of the state, including government, parliament, and the police. He announced that the inquiry would be headed by Lord Leveson, who was then a Judge in the Court of Appeals.
The scope of the inquiry was huge. It was split into three clear sections:
The relationship between the press and the public.
The relationship between the press and the police.
The relationship between the press and politicians.
In total there were 337 witnesses. Some of these were people who had been put in the public eye through no fault of their own. They included Sally and Bb Dowler (mother and father of Milly), Kate and Gerry McCann (mother and father of Madeleine McCann) and Chris Jeffries, who had been wrongly accused of murdering Joanna Yeates.
However, the inquiry also included a number of prominent celebrities and politicians, who gave compelling testimony about the intrusions of the press. These included:
Hugh Grant – Who said that he had no quarrel with reporting of times when he had broken the law, but believed the intrusion into his life by the tabloids was utterly illegal:
Steve Coogan – Who talked about how newspaper apologies were never adequate for the damage they had done:
Piers Morgan – In addition, Piers Morgan (Former Editor of the Mirror Newspaper who had allegedly used Phone Hacking) in which he refused to disclose his sources and appeared extremely combative throughout:
David Cameron – Who had to explain his close relationship with News of the World Editor, Rebekah Brooks:
The final report was published on November 2012. It was 2,000 pages long with a 48 page summary. It came to a number of conclusions including:
That Press Regulation in the UK was not competent. They recommended a new independent regulatory agency should be set up which would have the ability to levy fines and force papers to publish prominent apologies.
That the relationship between the Press and Police should be better regulated and that Data Protection Law should be more clearly followed.
It found that phone hacking was widespread and Leveson said:
” The evidence drives me to conclude that this was far more than a covert, secret activity, known to nobody save one or two practitioners of the dark arts”
The Conservative Government under David Cameron said that they welcomed the Leveson Report However, notably, they did not pass any legislation to enact the recommendations. In 2014 the Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO) was established to replace the Press Complaints Commission (PCC) that had clearly failed to adequately regulate the press. However, IPSO is controlled by the newspapers that it claims to regulate, it is not truly independent. Apologies have still appeared to be insufficient in magnitude, even when the story papers are apologising for has been on the front page of a newspaper.
In truth, despite the wide-ranging and significant recommendations of the Leveson Inquiry, its political impact has been quite limited. This makes a good example of how the non-binding nature of inquiries, and the length of time they take to conclude, can enable the government to avoid implementing real changes.
The Future COVID-19 Inquiry
There have already been petitions in the government website calling for public petitions into the government’s handing of the COVID-19 pandemic. At the time of writing there are two petitions calling for a public inquiry:
Hold a public inquiry into Government contracts granted during COVID-19 – 126,651 signatures (Link).
Hold a public inquiry into the handling of the COVID-19 crisis – 22,575 signatures (Link).
The government has committed to holding a public inquiry ‘at the appropriate time’ but has said that it will only turn its attention to this when the pandemic has been dealt with. Undoubtedly, they will be forced to hold a full-ranging inquiry and it remains to be seen whether this will be damaging to the government. Certainly, the government will be keen to delay this inquiry until after the 2024 General Election, but this may well be too late for public opinion.
